Powered surgical device with speed and current derivative motor shut off

ABSTRACT

A surgical instrument includes: an end effector; a power source; a motor coupled to the power source, the motor configured to actuate the end effector; and a controller operatively coupled to the motor and configured to control the motor based on a current draw of the motor and an angular velocity of the motor.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/946,327, filed on Apr. 5, 2018, which claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/500,236 filed May 2, 2017. The entire disclosures of all of the foregoing applications are incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to surgical devices. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to handheld electromechanical surgical systems for performing surgical procedures having reusable components.

2. Background of the Related Art

Linear clamping, cutting and stapling devices are used in surgical procedures to resect cancerous or anomalous tissue from a gastro-intestinal tract. Conventional linear clamping, cutting and stapling instruments include a pistol grip-styled structure having an elongated shaft and an end effector having a pair of gripping members disposed at a distal end of the shaft to clamp, cut, and staple tissue. Actuation of the gripping members is usually accomplished by actuating a trigger coupled to the handle, in response to which one of the two gripping members, such as the anvil portion, moves or pivots relative to the elongated shaft while the other gripping element remains fixed. The fixed gripping member includes a staple cartridge and a mechanism for ejecting the staples through the clamped tissue against the anvil portion, thereby stapling the tissue. The end effector may be integrally formed with the shaft or may be detachable allowing for interchangeability of various gripping and stapling members.

A number of surgical device manufacturers have also developed proprietary powered drive systems for operating and/or manipulating the end effectors. The powered drive systems may include a powered handle assembly, which may be reusable, and a disposable end effector that is removably connected to the powered handle assembly.

Many of the existing end effectors for use with existing powered surgical devices and/or handle assemblies are driven by a linear driving force. For example, end effectors for performing endo-gastrointestinal anastomosis procedures, end-to-end anastomosis procedures, and transverse anastomosis procedures, are actuated by a linear driving force. As such, these end effectors are not compatible with surgical devices and/or handle assemblies that use rotary motion.

Many of these electromechanical surgical devices include complex drive components. To prevent actuation of drive mechanisms beyond mechanical limits, various switches and sensors are used to detect operational state of the surgical devices. Inclusion of multiple switches and/or sensors adds to the cost and complexity of the surgical devices. Accordingly, there is a need for systems and apparatuses having safety mechanisms that can detect mechanical limits without relying on multiple mechanical limit sensors and/or switches disposed throughout the surgical device.

SUMMARY

According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a surgical instrument is provided. The surgical instrument includes: an end effector; a power source; a motor coupled to the power source, the motor configured to actuate the end effector; and a controller operatively coupled to the motor and configured to control the motor based on a current draw of the motor and an angular velocity of the motor.

According to one aspect of the above embodiment, the surgical instrument further includes a motor control circuit configured to measure the current draw of the motor and the angular velocity of the motor.

According to another aspect of the above embodiment, the controller may be configured to calculate an instantaneous rate of change of each of the current draw of the motor and the angular velocity of the motor.

According to a further aspect of the above embodiment, the controller may be further configured to determine that the motor reached a mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor being positive and the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor being negative. The controller may also be configured to determine that the motor reached a mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor exceeding a first threshold, concurrently or otherwise, with the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor exceeding a second threshold.

According to one aspect of the above embodiment, the controller is configured to calibrate the motor based on the mechanical limit. The controller may also be configured to terminate the supply of electrical current to the motor from the power supply in response to detection of the mechanical limit.

According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for controlling a surgical device is provided. The method includes: energizing a motor to actuate an end effector; measuring a current draw of the motor; measuring an angular velocity of the motor; and controlling the motor based on the current draw of the motor and the angular velocity of the motor.

According to one aspect of the above embodiment, the method includes calibrating the motor based on the mechanical limit.

According to another aspect of the above embodiment, the method further includes terminating a supply of electrical current to the motor from the power supply in response to detection of the mechanical limit.

According to a further embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for calibrating a surgical instrument is disclosed. The method includes: energizing a motor to actuate an end effector; measuring a current draw of the motor; measuring an angular velocity of the motor; detecting the motor reaching a mechanical limit based on the current draw of the motor and the angular velocity of the motor; and designating an angular position of the motor corresponding to the mechanical limit as a zero position for calibrating the motor.

According to one aspect of any of the above method embodiments, the methods may include calculating an instantaneous rate of change of each of the current draw of the motor and the angular velocity of the motor. The methods may also include determining that the motor reached the mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor being positive and the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor being negative.

According to another aspect of any of the above embodiments, the methods may include determining that the motor reached the mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor exceeding a first threshold, concurrently or otherwise, with the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor exceeding a second threshold.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a surgical system including a handheld surgical device, an adapter assembly, and an end effector according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a front perspective view, with parts separated, of the handheld surgical device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a front, perspective view of a power-pack and an inner rear housing of FIG. 2 separated therefrom;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the handheld surgical device of FIG. 2 taken along a section line “4-4”;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the handheld surgical device of FIG. 1 according to the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a plot of motor current and average angular motor velocity of the handheld surgical device of FIG. 1 as controlled by the method of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method for controlling the handheld surgical device of FIG. 1 according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the presently disclosed surgical devices, and adapter assemblies for surgical devices and/or handle assemblies are described in detail with reference to the drawings, in which like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding elements in each of the several views. As used herein the term “distal” refers to that portion of the adapter assembly or surgical device, or component thereof, farther from the user, while the term “proximal” refers to that portion of the adapter assembly or surgical device, or component thereof, closer to the user.

The present disclosure provides a powered surgical device including one or more motors configured to actuate a surgical end effector and one or more sensors configured to monitor motor operation, such as current draw and angular velocity. The powered surgical device also includes a controller coupled to, and configured to control the motor based on feedback from the sensors. The controller is configured to shut off the motor in the event of a collision, which is determined based on a rate of change of angular velocity and current draw by the motor. The angular velocity and current draw may be plotted as a function of time and the slope of each plot may then be calculated using a derivative function to determine the rate of change of each of the angular velocity and the motor current. These two outputs of the motor movement may be tracked simultaneously. In the event of a collision, motor speed is reduced, thereby creating a negative slope, or rate of change, and motor current increases with the increasing load causing a positive slope, or rate of change. Once a negative motor speed derivative and a positive current derivative simultaneously exceed respective preset thresholds, the controller shuts down the motor. In embodiments, the sensitivity of the surgical device may be tuned by varying the derivative thresholds to eliminate false detections and prevent damage to the driven mechanisms.

The system and method according to the present disclosure allows for detection of an imminent collision prior (e.g., by about 40 milliseconds) to mechanical components of the surgical device actually encountering the mechanical limit. Early detection allows for the controller to decrease or shut down the motor thereby reducing the force applied to the mechanical components of the surgical device. This would prevent damage to mechanical components as well as conserve power and reduce stress on a power supply of the surgical device, (e.g., a battery) since current draw during the collision is reduced. In embodiments, collision detection of the present disclosure may also be utilized in intentional collisions, e.g., attempts to reach mechanical limits, to calibrate the motor.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, a surgical system 2 according to the present disclosure includes a surgical device 100, which is shown as a powered hand held electromechanical instrument, configured for selective attachment to a plurality of different end effectors or single use loading units (“SULU's”), such as an end effector 400. In particular, surgical device 100 is configured for selective connection with an adapter 200, and, in turn, adapter 200 is configured for selective connection with the end effector 400.

With reference to FIGS. 1-4, surgical device 100 includes a power-pack 101 (FIG. 2), and an outer shell housing 10 configured to selectively receive and enclose the power-pack 101. Outer shell housing 10 includes a distal half-section 10 a and a proximal half-section 10 b. The proximal half-section 10 b pivotably connected to distal half-section 10 a by a hinge 16 located along an upper edge of distal half-section 10 a and proximal half-section 10 b such that distal and proximal half-sections 10 a, 10 b are divided along a plane that traverses a longitudinal axis defined by adapter 200. When joined, distal and proximal half-sections 10 a, 10 b define a shell cavity 10 c for receiving power-pack 101.

With reference to FIG. 2, each of distal and proximal half-sections 10 a, 10 b includes a respective upper shell portion 12 a, 12 b, and a respective lower shell portion 14 a, 14 b. Lower shell portion 14 a includes a closure tab 18 a configured to engage a closure tab 18 b of the lower shell portion 14 b to selectively secure distal and proximal half-sections 10 a, 10 b to one another and for maintaining shell housing 10 in a closed configuration.

Distal half-section 10 a of shell housing 10 also includes a connecting portion 20 configured to couple to a corresponding drive coupling assembly 210 of adapter 200. Specifically, the connecting portion 20 includes a recess 21 configured to receive a portion of drive coupling assembly 210 of adapter 200 when adapter 200 is mated to surgical device 100. Connecting portion 20 of distal half-section 10 a also defines three apertures 22 a, 22 b, 22 c and an elongate slot 24 formed in a distally facing surface thereof.

Distal half-section 10 a of shell housing 10 also includes a plurality of buttons such as a toggle control button 30. In embodiments, toggle control button 30 may be a two-axis control stick configured to be actuated in a left, right, up and down direction. The toggle control button 30 may also be depressible.

Distal half-section 10 a of shell housing 10 may also support a plurality of other buttons such as a right-side pair of control buttons and a left-side pair of control button. These buttons and other components are described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0310134, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

With reference to FIG. 2, shell housing 10 includes a sterile barrier plate 60 removably supported in distal half-section 10 a. The sterile barrier plate 60 interconnects the power-pack 101 and the adapter 200. Specifically, sterile barrier plate 60 is disposed behind connecting portion 20 of distal half-section 10 a and within shell cavity 10 c of shell housing 10. Plate 60 includes three coupling shafts 64 a, 64 b, 64 c rotatably supported therein. Each coupling shaft 64 a, 64 b, 64 c extends through a respective aperture 22 a, 22 b, 22 c of connecting portion 20 of distal half-section 10 a of shell housing 10.

Plate 60 further includes an electrical pass-through connector 66 supported thereon. Pass-through connector 66 extends through aperture 24 of connecting portion 20 of distal half-section 10 a when sterile barrier plate 60 is disposed within shell cavity 10 c of shell housing 10. Coupling shafts 64 a, 64 b, 64 c and pass-through connector 66 electrically and mechanically interconnect respective corresponding features of adapter 200 and the power-pack 101.

During use, the shell housing 10 is opened (i.e., distal half-section 10 a is separated from proximal half-section 10 b about hinge 16), power-pack 101 is inserted into shell cavity 10 c of shell housing 10, and distal half-section 10 a is pivoted about hinge 16 to a closed configuration. In the closed configuration, closure tab 18 a of lower shell portion 14 a of distal half-section 10 a engages closure tab 18 b of lower shell portion 14 b of proximal half-section 10 b. Following a surgical procedure, shell housing 10 is opened and the power-pack 101 is removed from shell cavity 10 c of shell housing 10. The shell housing 10 may be discarded and the power-pack 101 may then be disinfected and cleaned.

Referring to FIGS. 2-4, power-pack 101 includes an inner handle housing 110 having a lower housing portion 104 and an upper housing portion 108 extending from and/or supported on lower housing portion 104. The inner handle housing 110 also includes a distal half-section 110 a and a proximal half-section 110 b, which define an inner housing cavity 110 c (FIG. 3) for housing a power-pack core assembly 106 (FIG. 3). Power-pack core assembly 106 is configured to control the various operations of surgical device.

With reference to FIG. 3, distal half-section 110 a of inner handle housing 110 supports a distal toggle control interface 130 that is operatively engaged with toggle control button 30 of shell housing 10, such that when power-pack 101 is disposed within shell housing 10, actuation of toggle control button 30 exerts a force on toggle control interface 130. Distal half-section 110 a of inner handle housing 110 also supports various other control interfaces which operatively engage other buttons of shell housing 10.

With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, power-pack core assembly 106 includes a battery circuit 140, a motor controller circuit 143, a main controller circuit 145, a main controller 147, and a rechargeable battery 144 configured to supply power to any of the electrical components of surgical device 100.

Power-pack core assembly 106 further includes a display screen 146 supported on main controller circuit 145. Display screen 146 is visible through a clear or transparent window 110 d disposed in proximal half-section 110 b of inner handle housing 110.

Power-pack core assembly 106 further includes a first motor 152 (FIG. 4), a second motor 154 (FIG. 3), and a third motor 156 (FIG. 4) each electrically connected to controller circuit 143 and battery 144. Motors 152, 154, 156 are disposed between motor controller circuit 143 and main controller circuit 145. Each motor 152, 154, 156 is controlled by a respective motor controller (not shown) that are disposed on motor controller circuit 143 and are coupled to a main controller 147. The main controller 147 is also coupled to memory 141 (FIG. 5), which is also disposed on the motor controller circuit 143. The main controller 147 communicates with the motor controllers through an FPGA, which provides control logic signals (e.g., coast, brake, etc. and any other suitable control signals). The motor controllers output corresponding energization signals to their respective motors 152, 154, 156 using fixed-frequency pulse width modulation (PWM).

Power-pack core assembly 106 also includes an electrical receptacle 149. Electrical receptacle 149 is in electrical connection with main controller board 145 via a second ribbon cable (not shown). Electrical receptacle 149 defines a plurality of electrical slots for receiving respective electrical contacts extending from pass-through connector 66 of plate 60 (FIG. 2) of shell housing 10.

Each motor 152, 154, 156 includes a respective motor shaft (not shown) extending therefrom. Each motor shaft may have a recess defined therein having a tri-lobe transverse cross-sectional profile for receiving proximal ends of respective coupling shaft 64 a, 64 b, 64 c of plate 60 of shell housing 10.

Rotation of motor shafts by respective motors 152, 154, 156 actuates shafts and/or gear components of adapter 200 in order to perform the various operations of surgical device 100. In particular, motors 152, 154, 156 of power-pack core assembly 106 are configured to actuate shafts and/or gear components of adapter 200 in order to selectively actuate components of the end effector 400, to rotate end effector 400 about a longitudinal axis, and to pivot the end effector 400 about a pivot axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis defined by the adapter 200.

With reference to FIG. 5, a schematic diagram of the power-pack 101 is shown. For brevity, only one of the motors 152, 154, 156 is shown, namely, motor 152. The motor 152 is coupled to the battery 144. In embodiments, the motor 152 may be coupled to any suitable power source configured to provide electrical energy to the motor 152, such as an AC/DC transformer.

The battery 144 and the motor 152 are coupled to the motor controller circuit 143 which controls the operation of the motor 152 including the flow of electrical energy from the battery 144 to the motor 152. The motor controller circuit 143 includes a plurality of sensors 408 a, 408 b, . . . 408 n configured to measure operational states of the motor 152 and the battery 144. The sensors 408 a-n may include voltage sensors, current sensors, temperature sensors, telemetry sensors, optical sensors, and combinations thereof. The sensors 408 a-408 n may measure voltage, current, and other electrical properties of the electrical energy supplied by the battery 144. The sensors 408 a-408 n may also measure angular velocity (e.g., rotational speed) as revolutions per minute (RPM), torque, temperature, current draw, and other operational properties of the motor 152. Angular velocity may be determined by measuring the rotation of the motor 152 or a drive shaft (not shown) coupled thereto and rotatable by the motor 152. Position of various axially movable drive shafts may also be determined by using various linear sensors disposed in or in proximity to the shafts or extrapolated from the RPM measurements. In embodiments, torque may be calculated based on the regulated current draw of the motor 152 at a constant RPM. In further embodiments, the motor controller circuit 143 and/or the controller 147 may measure time and process the above-described values as a function thereof, including integration and/or differentiation, e.g., to determine the rate of change in the measured values.

The motor controller circuit 143 is also coupled to the controller 147, which includes a plurality of inputs and outputs for interfacing with the motor controller circuit 143. In particular, the controller 147 receives measured sensor signals from the motor controller circuit 143 regarding operational status of the motor 152 and the battery 144 and, in turn, outputs control signals to the motor controller circuit 143 to control the operation of the motor 152 based on the sensor readings and specific algorithm instructions, which are discussed in more detail below. The controller 147 is also configured to accept a plurality of user inputs from a user interface (e.g., switches, buttons, touch screen, etc. coupled to the controller 147).

The present disclosure provides for an apparatus and method for controlling the surgical device 100 or any other powered surgical instrument, including, but not limited to, linear powered staplers, circular or arcuate powered staplers, graspers, electrosurgical sealing forceps, rotary tissue morecellating devices, and the like. In particular, torque, RPM, position, and acceleration of drive shafts of the surgical device 100 can be correlated to motor characteristics (e.g., current draw). Current drawn by the motor 152 may be used for detecting mechanical limits since the current drawn by the motor 152 and its angular velocity change in response to the mechanical load encountered by the motor 152. Thus, analysis of the amount of change (e.g., rate of change) of current draw and angular velocity allows for distinguishing between different types of load conditions, e.g., load exerted by tissue versus load exerted by a mechanical stop.

The method according to the present disclosure for detecting mechanical limits may be used to detect collisions of mechanical components of the surgical system 2 (e.g., of end effector 400 and adapter 200), which may occur due to reaching end-of-travel positions or encountering obstructions by the end effector 400 during surgery. In further embodiments, intentional collisions may be used to calibrate motors 152, 154, 156 at start up or other times when the surgical device 100 needs to be recalibrated (e.g., attachment of a new adapter 200 or end effector 400). During calibration, the motor 152 is driven in a direction to cause a collision at a known mechanical position, e.g., a hard stop. Once the collision is detected by the controller 147, then the motor 152 is stopped, and the resulting angular motor position is designated as a zero position by the controller 147. In embodiments, collision may be detected by monitoring current draw of the motor 152 and detecting a current draw spike 502 a of the plot 502 as shown in FIG. 6. With particular reference to FIG. 6, a current spike reaching approximately 4,000 milliamperes may be used to denote that the motor 152 has encountered its mechanical limit and a hardstop is detected.

With reference to FIG. 6, the current spike 502 a begins to develop at approximately 1,390 milliseconds, whereas the spike 502 a reaches its peak at approximately 1,430 milliseconds, resulting in a lag time of about 40 milliseconds, during which the motor 152 continues to actuate mechanical components. This excessive movement by the motor 152 may damage mechanical components and/or unnecessarily draw power from the battery 144. In addition, as the usable life efficiency of the motor 152 decreases, the motor 152 uses more current to perform the same amount of mechanical work. While a current filter or threshold that is used to determine the mechanical limit of about 4,000 milliamperes may be sufficient to determine that an actual collision has occurred when the motor 152 is relatively new, (e.g., less than 10 hours of operation) the same threshold may not be suitable for an older motor 152 (e.g., 20 hours of operation or more). In particular, a motor at the end of its usable life may cross the 4,000 threshold prior to actually encountering a mechanical limit, thus generating a false position for a hardstop by the controller 147. As a result of an incorrect identification of a zero position, the controller 147 may improperly calibrate the motor 152. In order to deal with this eventuality, current draw thresholds may be set high enough to prevent false collision protection over the life of the motor 152. However, this overcompensation results in motor stop current limits being higher than needed. As shown in FIG. 6, the current draw at about 40 milliseconds prior to collision is about 1/10 of the current draw threshold.

With reference to FIG. 7, a method according to the present disclosure for determining mechanical limits and/or collisions is disclosed. The method may be used to determine intentional collisions, such as during calibration, as well as unintentional collisions, such as during use of the surgical device 100. The method utilizes two values, namely, current draw and angular velocity, and rather than simply comparing the measured parameters to a predetermined threshold, the method calculates instantaneous rates of change of these parameters. The calculated instantaneous rates of change are then compared to respective rate of change thresholds. In embodiments, the method according to the present disclosure allows the surgical device 100 to detect the mechanical limits and/or collisions sooner than simply comparing measured motor parameters to thresholds.

The method may be embodied as an algorithm and computer-readable instructions executable by the controller 147. The controller 147 is coupled to the memory 141 or any other suitable, computer-readable, non-transitory medium for storing software instructions (e.g., algorithm) for detecting mechanical limits of the surgical device 100 based on the measured current draw and angular velocity. As used herein, the term “mechanical limit” denotes any of the electromechanical components reaching end-of-travel positions.

Initially, in step 600, the controller 147 signals the motor controller circuit 143 to operate the motor 152 based on desired user input, such as, for example, to control the motor 152, 154, 156 to articulate, actuate, or fire the end effector 400, or rotate the adapter 200 about its longitudinal axis. The controller 147 provides the desired command to the motor controller circuit 143, which then outputs corresponding energization signals to the motor 152 to effectuate the commands received from the controller 147. As the motor 152 is operated, the motor controller circuit 143 continuously monitors operational parameters of the motor 152 including angular velocity of the motor 152 as it is rotating and the current draw of the motor 152.

In steps 602 a and 602 b, the motor controller circuit 143 then measures and provides the angular velocity and current draw signals to the controller 147, respectively. In embodiments, the controller 147 may generate an angular velocity plot 500 and a current draw plot 502 as shown in FIG. 7 based on the received measurement data from the motor controller circuit 143. The plots 500 and 502 may be a collection of data points of the measurements collected by the motor controller circuit 143. In further embodiments, the plots 500 and 502 may not visualized or graphed by the controller 147 (e.g., output on a display device) and may be simply stored in the memory 141 for use by the controller 147.

In steps 604 a and 604 b, the controller 147 is configured to continuously process the measurement data of angular velocity and current draw, respectively, which includes continuously calculating the derivatives for each of these values. The controller 147 determines instantaneous rates of change for the angular velocity and the current draw. In embodiments, the controller 147 is configured to track the slopes of each of the plots 500 and 502, which are also calculated using the derivative function to obtain the instantaneous rates of change values.

In step 606, the controller 147 then compares the calculated instantaneous rates of change of each of the angular velocity and current draw of the motor 152 to their respective thresholds. With respect to angular velocity, the threshold corresponds to a negative slope or instantaneous rate of change since upon encountering a mechanical limit, the angular speed of the motor 152 decreases precipitously as shown by a spike 500 a of plot 500 of FIG. 6. With respect to current draw, the threshold corresponds to a positive slope or instantaneous rate of change since upon encountering a mechanical limit, the current draw of the motor increases, as illustrated by a spike 502 a of the plot 502 of FIG. 6. The angular velocity and current draw rates of change thresholds may be adjusted to eliminate false detection of mechanical limit detection.

The controller 147 determines that a mechanical limit is reached when both of the instantaneous rates of change of the angular velocity and the current draw exceed their respective predetermined thresholds concurrently. If this is so, the controller 147, confirms that a mechanical stop has been reached.

The controller 147 may then utilize the collision detection based on the use of the algorithm. During calibration, the controller 147 shuts down the motor 154 in step 608 and then assigns the position of the motor 152 to a zero position. The zero position is then used by the controller 147 to calculate longitudinal distance traveled by the mechanical components being actuated by the motor 152.

During use, the controller 147 may use the collision detection to signal the motor controller circuit 143 to stop the motor 152 in step 608, which then issues corresponding brake commands to the motor 152. In addition, the controller 147 may issue audio and/or visual alerts to the user that the surgical device 100 encountered an issue due to an unexpected collision and/or reaching a mechanical limit.

It should be understood that the foregoing description is only illustrative of the present disclosure. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the present disclosure is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances. The embodiments described with reference to the attached drawing figures are presented only to demonstrate certain examples of the disclosure. Other elements, steps, methods and techniques that are insubstantially different from those described above and/or in the appended claims are also intended to be within the scope of the disclosure. 

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A surgical instrument, comprising: a power source; a motor coupled to the power source, the motor configured to actuate at least one component of a surgical instrument; and a controller operatively coupled to the motor and configured to: calculate an instantaneous rate of change of a current draw of the motor; calculate an instantaneous rate of change of an angular velocity of the motor; and determine that the motor reached a mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor exceeding a first threshold and the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor exceeding a second threshold.
 22. The surgical instrument according to claim 21, wherein the controller is configured to determine that the motor reached a mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor being positive and the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor being negative.
 23. The surgical instrument according to claim 21, wherein the controller is configured to determine that the motor reached the mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor exceeding the first threshold concurrently with the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor exceeding the second threshold.
 24. The surgical instrument according to claim 23, wherein the controller is configured to calibrate the motor based on the mechanical limit.
 25. The surgical instrument according to claim 21, wherein the controller is configured to terminate a supply of electrical current to the motor from the power source in response to detection of the mechanical limit.
 26. A method for controlling a surgical device, the method comprising: energizing a motor to actuate at least one component of a surgical device; calculating an instantaneous rate of change of a current draw of the motor; calculating an instantaneous rate of change of an angular velocity of the motor; and determining that the motor reached a mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor exceeding a first threshold and the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor exceeding a second threshold.
 27. The method according to claim 26, further comprising: determining that the motor reached a mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor being positive and the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor being negative.
 28. The method according to claim 26, further comprising: determining that the motor reached the mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor exceeding the first threshold concurrently with the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor exceeding the second threshold.
 29. The method according to claim 28, further comprising: calibrating the motor based on the mechanical limit.
 30. The method according to claim 26, further comprising: terminating a supply of electrical current to the motor from a power source in response to detection of the mechanical limit.
 31. A method for calibrating a surgical instrument, the method comprising: energizing a motor to actuate at least one component of a surgical instrument; measuring a current draw of the motor; measuring an angular velocity of the motor; detecting the motor reaching a mechanical limit based on the current draw of the motor and the angular velocity of the motor; and designating an angular position of the motor corresponding to the mechanical limit as a zero position for calibrating the motor.
 32. The method according to claim 31, further comprising: calculating an instantaneous rate of change of each of the current draw of the motor and the angular velocity of the motor.
 33. The method according to claim 32, further comprising: determining that the motor reached the mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor being positive and the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor being negative.
 34. The method according to claim 33, further comprising: determining that the motor reached the mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor exceeding a first threshold and the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor exceeding a second threshold.
 35. The method according to claim 33, further comprising: determining that the motor reached the mechanical limit based on the instantaneous rate of change of the current draw of the motor exceeding a first threshold concurrently with the instantaneous rate of change of the angular velocity of the motor exceeding a second threshold. 